1. Borrowed from Zola’s article ‘Les chansons des rues et des bois’ in Mes haines: ‘Given Victor Hugo and subjects pertaining to idylls and eclogues, Victor Hugo could not have produced any other work but Les Chansons des rues et des bois. That is the theorem that I propose to prove ... I shall not cease to repeat, criticism of it, in the way it is conducted, seems to me a monstrous injustice ... When he wrote Les Chansons des rues et des bois, Victor Hugo was true to his whole past, his whole genius. He could not write them in any other way, because then he would have lied to himself, and he would have given us a work whose origins nothing would have explained. That is what had to be demonstrated.’ (Étant donné Victor Hugo et des sujets d’idylles et d’églogues, Victor Hugo ne pouvait produire une oeuvre autre que Les Chansons des rues et des bois. Tel est le théorème que je me propose de démontrer ... Je ne cesserai de le répéter, la critique, telle qu’elle est exercée, me parait être une monstrueuse injustice ... Victor Hugo, en écrivant Les Chansons des rues et des bois, a obéi à tout son passé, à tout son génie. Il ne pouvait les écrire autrement, parce qu’il se serait alors menti à lui-même et qu’il nous aurait donné une oeuvre dont rien n’aurait expliqué la naissance. C’est ce qu’il fallait démontrer.) See Zola 1966-1970, vol. 10, pp. 80-86 (quotations on pp. 80, 86). On Mes haines, see letter 358, n. 19.

2. Zola received numerous indignant letters provoked by Mes haines; subscriptions to the magazine L’Evénement – in which part of the book was pre-published – were cancelled and there were even people who tore it up at the kiosks. This was too much for the publisher and he replaced Zola by a traditional art critic. See D. Baguley, Bibliographie de la critique sur Emile Zola, 1864-1970. Toronto 1976.

3. The first part of Mes haines included the essay ‘Erckmann-Chatrian’. The comments by Van Gogh that follow refer to these passages: ‘But, for want of courage, the author has given them a moral way of thinking. They march, driven by a powerful breath of justice and liberty ... He is only at ease with the giants of the past, or the simple inhabitants of a lost province; he could not handle our Parisian world ... I do not know this world of Alsace that permeates the work.’ (Mais, à défaut de coeur, l’auteur leur a donné une penseé morale. Ils marchent poussés par un souffle puissant de justice et de liberté ... Il est seulement à l’aise avec les géants d’autrefois ou les habitants naïfs d’une province perdue; il ne saurait toucher à notre monde parisien ... Je ne connais pas ce monde alsacien qui emplit l’oeuvre.) See Zola 1966-1970, vol. 10, pp. 126-138 (quotations on pp. 129, 133, 137).

4. Although Van Gogh here refers to Erckmann-Chatrian in the singular, he knew that they were a duo, as letter 276 shows.

5. For the rabbi David Sichel in L’ami Fritz, see letter 292, n. 5; for the physician Jacob Wagner in Madame Thérèse, see letter 265, n. 7; for Madame Thérèse in the novel named after her, see letter 55, n. 24.

6. For Claude Lantier in Le ventre de Paris by Zola, see letter 288, n. 4. In Zola’s novel Thérèse Raquin (1867) the adulterous Thérèse becomes an accomplice in the murder of her husband Camille by her lover, who is also a painter. This bone idle Laurent makes portraits but they earn him nothing. When painting gives him no satisfaction, he turns his back on it and looks for an office job (chapter 5). Later attempts to paint portraits marked by age are a failure because in every head he sees the man he killed (chapter 25). He becomes apathetic and lapses into attacks of panic and fury.

7. In the novels in the series La comédie humaine in which Balzac presents characters who are artists there is often a lack of understanding between them and the middle class. These artists have many imperfections and shortcomings, but – to different degrees – they have a measure of genius, which can sometimes express itself in maladjusted behaviour. Cf. letter 288, n. 3.

8. A reference to the article ‘M. H. Taine’ in Mes haines; see Zola 1966-1970, vol. 10, pp. 139-156.

9. For this quotatoin from Taine, see letter 356, n. 6.

10. George Henry Boughton, In the potato field, in Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 66 (January 1883), no. 392, p. 174. Ill. 616 . The illustration accompanied the first article by George H. Boughton, ‘Artist strolls in Holland’, pp. 165-180. See letter 348, n. 11.

11. Edwin Abbey, Bell-ringers, engraved by Henry Wolf, in Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 66 (April 1883), p. 693. Ill. 472 . See also letter 348, n. 11.

12. This refers to the series ‘Artist strolls in Holland’. There are frequent references to hotels and ‘antique dealers’ in the account of the trip.

13. On the omission of Millet, see letter 358, n. 19.

14. A reference to Zola’s story La mort du paysan, included in Comment on meurt, which Van Gogh had mentioned earlier, also with regard to Millet (see letter 244, n. 5). The deathbed of the peasant Lacour, the peaceful cemetery and the funeral are described in detail. When Lacour is buried, the text reads: ‘He knows the earth and the earth knows him’ (Il connaît la terre et la terre le connaît). See Zola 1976, chapter 2, pp. 621-627 (quotation on p. 627).

15. Henry Towneley Green was the brother of Charles Green.

16. Henry Towneley Green, Sunday at the foundling hospital, in The Illustrated London News 61 (7 December 1872), between pp. 552 and 553. Ill. 905 .

17. Henry Towneley Green, A city church congregation, engraved by Joseph Swain, in The Illustrated London News 61 (5 October 1872), p. 333. There is a copy in the estate. Ill. 904 (t*160).

18. For Arrival of the coach at the Fife Arms, Braemar by John McL. Ralston, see letter 275, n. 47.

19. John McL. Ralston, The ascent of Vesuvius – Tourists at the foot of the cone, in The Illustrated London News 60 (1 June 1872), p. 521. Ill. 1236 .

20. John McL. Ralston, A game at bowls, engraved by Joseph Swain, in The Illustrated London News 60 (22 June 1872), between pp. 590 and 591. There is a copy in the estate. Ill. 1237 (t*831). Van Gogh was mistaken about the title.

21. For Ralston’s Salmon-spearing on the Dee , see letter 275, n. 48.

22. John McL. Ralston, The Easter Monday volunteer review at Brighton: Deploying into line, in The Illustrated London News 60 (1 June 1872), p. 340. Ill. 1239 . Van Gogh would have been ‘enlightened about the name’ by stylistic similarities with Ridley’s work, since the monogram is the same on all the wood engravings mentioned.

23. Alfred Hunt, Procession of the Holy Thorn, in The Illustrated London News 61 (21 December 1872), pp. 600-601. Ill. 979 .

24. It is not clear whether ‘London bridge and emigrants’ refers to one or two prints. In the first case it could be Matthew White Ridley’s Landing of French refugees at London Bridge, engraved by Horace Harral, in The Graphic 2 (8 October 1870), p. 340. Ill. 1277 . In the second case it could be London Bridge, in The Illustrated London News 61 (16 November 1872), pp. 464-465 (Ill. 2104 ) and On board an emigrant ship – Land ho!, engraved by Horace Harral, in The Graphic 3 (6 May 1871), p. 413, or On Board an emigrant ship, in The Graphic 4 (2 December 1871), p. 536. The last two are in the estate. Ill. 1274 and Ill. 2105 (t*121 en t*441).

25. At least two prints by Edwin Buckman that appeared in The Illustrated London News 61 may be meant: The Birmingham onion fair (5 October 1872), pp. 320-321, and A hiring fair in Warwickshire (2 November 1872), pp. 416-417. Ill. 659 and Ill. 2106 .

26. Frederick Barnard, Hampstead Heath on a holiday, engraved by Joseph Swain, in The Illustrated London News 60 (25 May 1872), pp. 54-55. Ill. 533 .

27. Frederick Barnard’s The first to come and The last to go, engraved by Joseph Swain and William James Palmer respectively, appeared as pendants in The Illustrated London News 61 (21 December 1872), pp. 584-585. Ill. 531 and Ill. 532 .

28. George R. Sims, How the poor live. With sixty illustrations by Frederick Barnard. London 1883 (Chatto & Windus, Piccadilly). In the estate there are four sheets from the pre-publication in The Pictorial World of 9 and 30 June 1883, with among others ‘The Truant’s mamma’ and ‘Waiting for the verdicts’ Ill. 534 and Ill. 3068 (t*512), also “Ain’t my word good enuff”, ‘A youthful incendiary’, ‘She promised “She’d see to it”’ and ‘’Appy dossers’ (30 June 1883), respectively pp. 725-726. Ills. 2107 , 3069 , 3070 and 3071 (t*513).

29. Arthur Hopkins, The paddling season, engraved by Joseph Swain, in The Illustrated London News 61 (3 August 1872), ‘Extra supplement’, between pp. 114 and 115. There is a copy in the estate. Ill. 957 (t*616).

30. John Everett Millais, Christmas story-telling, engraved by Thomas Bolton Dalziel, in The Illustrated London News 41 (20 December 1862), p. 672. There is a copy in the estate. Ill. 260 (t*114).

31. Two Christmas scenes are depicted in Myles Birket Foster, The Christmas holly cart (An urban snow scene) in The Illustrated London News, Christmas number 1848 and Christmas eve – The cottager’s return from market in The Illustrated London News 27 (22 December 1855), p. 720. Ill. 851 and Ill. 850 .

32. Paul Gavarni, Forts de la Halle (Porters of the market), in The Illustrated London News 26 (9 June 1855), p. 589. There is a copy in the estate. Ill. 125 (t*57).

33. Paul Gavarni, Dames de la Halle (Women of the market), in The Illustrated London News 26 (9 June 1855), p. 588. There is a copy in the estate. Ill. 123 (t*56).

34. Paul Gavarni, Janvier. Les étrennes (January. The New Year presents), 1839. Above the print it says ‘Zodiac of the people of the earth’ (Zodiaque des gens du monde); below it is the dialogue: ‘– Look, Virginie, here’s sugar for your New Year gift / – and I, my good Henri, I’ve bought you a nice hat for myself’ (– Tiens, Virginie, voilà du sucre pour tes etrènnes / – Et moi, mon bon Henri, je t’ai acheté un joli chapeau pour moi) (Paris, BNF, Cabinet des Estampes). Ill. 124 . Various versions were published, but they show only slight differences. See J. Armelhault and E. Bocher, L’Oeuvre de Gavarni. Lithographies originales et essais d’eau-forte et de procédés nouveaux. Catalogue raisonné. Paris 1873, pp. 78 (no. 318), 430.

35. Van Gogh had several examples of wood engravings with Japanese subjects by Félix Elie Régamey; see letter 325, n. 19

36. Félix Régamey, The diamond diggers, South Africa, in The Illustrated London News 61 (31 August 1872), Supplement, between pp. 194 and 195. Ill. 1250 .

37. Félix Régamey, Shrovetide in Paris as it used to be: Procession of the boeuf gras, engraved by William James Palmer, in The Illustrated London News 60 (17 February 1872), pp. 160-161. Ill. 1246 .

38. Patrick Michael Fitzgerald, Sketches in the Clerkenwell house of correction: The threadwheel, engraved by William Biscombe Gardner, in The Illustrated London News 65 (4 July 1874), p. 12. There is a copy in the estate. Ill. 844 (t*153).

39. John Palmer, The Sheffield steel manufactures: Hull of the fork-grinders, in The Illustrated London News 48 (10 March 1866), p. 225. There is a copy in the estate. Ill. 1213 . (t*118). The sheet belongs to a series of six called The trades of Sheffield.

40. It is uncertain which figure Van Gogh has in mind. There are several prints by Howard Pyle in the estate in which a woman features; the only one with just a woman is A valentine to Phyllis, engraved by W. Zimmerman, in Harper’s Weekly 27 (17 February 1883), p. 104. Ill. 1228 (t*363).

41. It is not known which landscapes by Samuel Read these are. The only work by him still in the estate is Emigration from the Isle of Skye, in The Illustrated London News 22 (15 January 1853), p. 41. Ill. 2108 (t*614).

42. Potato grubbers (F 1034 / JH 372 ).

43. These drawings of an old man and potato grubbers are not known.

44. These drawings of a weed burner, of a man with a sack and of a man with a wheelbarrow are not known.

45. This is probably the drawing Sower (F 1035 / JH 374 ).

46. For The Penny Pictorial News, see letter 358, n. 14.

47. Randolph Caldecott is represented by four sheets in the (otherwise undated) summer number of The Graphic of 1883 (vol. 27); which one Van Gogh means is impossible to say. The illustrations appeared under the title How Tankerville Smith took a country cottage (pp. 3, 6, 7 and 10). Cf. Ill. 672 and Ill. 2109 . See also The complete collection of Randolph Caldecott’s contributions to the ‘Graphic’. Printed by Edmund Evans. With a preface by Arthur Locker. London etc. 1888, pp. 197-210.

48. The reading that’s the best thing (‘dat’s ’t beste’) is uncertain.

49. Charles Stanley Reinhart is represented by four sheets in the Graphic summer number of 1883. They serve as illustrations to the story The romantic adventures of a milkmaid by Thomas Hardy. They are The attitude bespoke anguish; “I can’t get out of this dreadful tree!”; “What be you here for?” and Jim stopped at the Kiln, while Mrs. Peach held the horse (pp. 19, 22, 23 and 31). Cf. Ill. 1254 and Ill. 2110 .

50. The ‘Holiday Number’ of The Illustrated London News in 1883 had twelve prints by Richard Caton Woodville (II), some accompanying the story ‘Eyre’s acquittal’ by Helen Mathers.

51. For this ‘Exposition de Peinture’, see letter 358, n. 1.